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. . .  encourages trust and involvement. • Organization-wide training and development. Each item in the TQM model was measured using a 5 point Likert type scale. The internal consistency of the TQM model was checked using Reliability Analysis. This indicates the extent to which the items in the model are related to each other. Internal consistency was estimated using a reliability coefficient Cronbach's alpha; values range among 0 and 1.0 (Nunnally, 1967). Typically, these coefficients should be among 0.7 to 0.9 (Van de Ven & Ferry, 1979). The internal consistency of the TQM items above has a Cronbach . . .
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